Rejuvenation

The Longevity Frontier.

A map of attempts to repair, replace and reprogramme biology. Each stage belongs to a specific claim—not an entire technology.

The key distinction

Treating a disease, restoring a tissue and extending maximum lifespan are different scientific achievements.

Working today for specific disease

Organ transplantation

Replacing a failing organ can address organ failure. It does not reset the biological age of all remaining tissues. [1]

Organ replacement

In human clinical testing

Gene therapy & partial reprogramming

Local control, tissue targeting and persistence of cellular identity are central questions. Eye-targeted testing is not a systemic result. [2]

Reprogramming / epigenetic rejuvenation

In human clinical testing

Senescent-cell targeting

Clinical findings remain early and mixed. Selective clearance must be connected to an outcome patients can notice. [3]

Senolytics

Human biomarker signal

Immune-system rejuvenation

Changing immune-cell composition is measurable; durable protection against disease remains a separate test. [4]

Immune repair

Animal evidence

Engineered progenitor cells

A primate experiment tests engineered cell material. Human origin of the cells does not make it human efficacy evidence. [5]

Stem-cell rejuvenation

Early human case evidence

Xenotransplantation

A bridge from a pig kidney to a human kidney addresses supply and organ failure. Durability and immune management remain critical. [6]

Organ supply

Human disease trial

AI-driven drug discovery

A randomized fibrosis trial tests a candidate molecule. An algorithm’s involvement does not establish geroprotection. [7]

Discovery infrastructure

Human screening trial; unresolved utility

Advanced cancer detection

Detection, stage shift and mortality reduction must be evaluated separately. A failed primary endpoint belongs in the assessment. [8]

Cancer interception

Engineering research question

Tissue engineering & regeneration

Can replacement tissue develop sufficient blood supply, integration, identity and durable function? Stage depends on the tissue and intended use.

Tissue repair

Highly speculative integration

Multi-therapy rejuvenation

Can repeated interventions safely address damage across organs without conflicting effects? No integrated human radical-lifespan result is established.

Potential radical lifespan extension

What has to connect?

This is a dependency map, not a forecast of when rejuvenation will arrive.

Identify the failureDefine the mechanism and tissue.
Deliver the interventionReach the right cells at controlled exposure.
Restore useful functionMeasure more than a marker.
Maintain controlTrack durability, cancer and immune risks.

Evidence × intended impact

A map of different ambitions

Illustrative claim placements—not rankings, probabilities or a treatment comparison.

Claim	Evidence strength	Impact domain	What remains outside the claim
Semaglutide / SELECT	Established	Established healthspan impact	Systemic age reversal
Creatine + training	Promising	Optimization	Human lifespan extension
Rapamycin / lifespan	Frontier	Possible ageing modification	Human survival benefit
Partial reprogramming	Frontier	Potential rejuvenation	Whole-body repair
Coordinated systemic repair	Speculative	Potential radical lifespan extension	A demonstrated human route

What would it take to reach 150? →Read the reprogramming dossier

Sources & study records

Mass General Brigham Communications (2026). Patient Who Received Pig Kidney Becomes First To Progress to Human Kidney TransplantHarvard Medical School · Academic report of clinical milestone; 3 September 2026
Life Biosciences (2026). NCT07290244: Evaluating ER-100 for Safety in People With Glaucoma or NAIONClinicalTrials.gov · Phase 1 trial registry
Farr et al. (2024). Effects of intermittent senolytic therapy on bone metabolism in postmenopausal womenNature Medicine · Phase 2 randomized trial
Denk et al. (2025). Effect of the mitophagy inducer urolithin A on age-related immune decline: a randomized, placebo-controlled trialNature Aging · Randomized proof-of-concept trial; corrected January 2026; commercial interests disclosed
Lei et al. (2025). Senescence-resistant human mesenchymal progenitor cells counter aging in primatesCell · Primate experiment; not human rejuvenation trial
Riella et al. (2026). Porcine kidney xenotransplantation as a bridge to allotransplantation: a first-in-human studyThe Lancet · Human case study; September 2026
Xu et al. (2025). A generative AI-discovered TNIK inhibitor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a randomized phase 2a trialNature Medicine · Randomized disease-treatment trial; industry involvement
GRAIL (2026). Full results from the NHS-Galleri trial at ASCO 2026Sponsor report of conference results · Sponsor announcement; primary endpoint not met; 30 May 2026

Evidence reviewed 2026-09-16. Registry status can change; follow the linked record for current details.